Rosignano Solvay (CS2)

Applied technologies

Ultrafiltration & nanofiltration membranes as pre-treatment for reverse osmosis

UV/Ozone

Water recovery technologies for water reuse

Best practices

• Pre-Implementation Characterisation & Modular Design:
  Before construction, conduct thorough influent characterization to understand variability in COD, TOC, pH, and specific industrial contaminants. Design treatment trains in a modular format (e.g., containerised units) to allow phased implementation, ease of transport, and adaptability to evolving site needs. Ensure that physical layout facilitates access for maintenance, sampling, and sensor calibration.
• Sequential Treatment Integration:
  Combine biological and physico-chemical processes to balance treatment efficiency and operational resilience. Begin with pH neutralisation to condition the feed for downstream biological activity. Use biological denitrification (e.g., SBR) for bulk organics and nitrogen removal, followed by advanced oxidation and polishing (GAC, IEX) to target residual contaminants. Each stage should be designed to protect and enhance the next.
• Real-Time Monitoring & Automated Control:
  Install UV254 and DO sensors for continuous monitoring of key parameters such as organic load and aeration efficiency. Integrate these with a PLC or SCADA system to automate dosing, aeration, and backwashing cycles. Ensure early warning systems are in place for deviations from setpoints to allow rapid operator intervention.
• Preventive Maintenance & Cleaning Routines:
  Develop maintenance protocols for membrane systems, including scheduled backwashing and periodic chemical cleaning (e.g., with NaOCl or citric acid). Monitor transmembrane pressure and flux trends to detect early signs of fouling. Keep spare parts and cleaning reagents on-site to minimize downtime.
• Operator Training & SOPs:
  Train operators in both manual and automated system operation, with particular focus on biological reactor management, chemical dosing, and interpretation of sensor data. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be documented for all treatment stages, covering startup, shutdown, emergency response, and troubleshooting.

Technology performance and best practices

The most effective treatment sequence combined the following units:
Neutralisation → Biological Treatment (SBR/MBR) → GAC/IEX Polishing

The achievements, in numerical terms, of the case study were:

• COD Removal:
  Ranged between 40% and 85% depending on influent quality. Highest removal observed in 24-hour SBR cycles with optimized pH and carbon dosing.

• Nitrate Removal:
  Complete nitrate elimination was achieved in most cycles after dosing with external carbon sources (glycerol), demonstrating efficient denitrification.

• TOC Levels:
  Post-treatment TOC values were consistently reduced to levels suitable for reuse in cooling systems, though exact figures vary due to influent variability.

• Phenol Concentration:
  Reduced to below 0.1 ppm, indicating effective polishing by GAC and ion exchange units.

• pH Stabilization:
  Influent pH (originally 2–3) was successfully neutralized to 6.8, ideal for biological treatment.

• Reagent Consumption:

  • NaOH (neutralisation): ~1.7 L/m³

  • External carbon (denitrification): ~1.2 L/m³

  • Acid (cleaning/adjustment): ~0.1 L/m³

• Energy Consumption:
  Estimated at ~100 kWh/m³ of treated water, primarily due to AOP, aeration, and membrane operations.

Synergistic benefits

1. Integration with ARETUSA Reclamation Plant:
   The WAPEREUSE pilot system was designed to work in synergy with the existing ARETUSA Water Reclamation Plant, which has been reclaiming municipal wastewater for industrial reuse for over 15 years. By treating industrial peroxide and peracetic acid wastewater to meet discharge standards, the pilot enables further treatment within ARETUSA, expanding the available volume of reclaimed water for cooling processes at the Solvay plant. This public-private partnership model optimizes regional water resources and strengthens industrial-municipal cooperation​.
2. Synergy Between Biological & Advanced Oxidation Treatments:
   The case study revealed that combining biological denitrification (Sequencing Batch Reactor - SBR) with advanced oxidation (ozonation, UV-H₂O₂) created a complementary treatment approach. The biological process effectively removed nitrates and organic contaminants, while advanced oxidation further reduced persistent organic compounds. This dual treatment strategy helped overcome the limitations of standalone treatment technologies and provided a more robust solution for complex industrial wastewater​.
3. Enhanced Digital Monitoring & Process Optimization:
   The implementation of real-time monitoring sensors and digital process control tools improved treatment efficiency and operational reliability. By continuously tracking pH, nitrate levels, TOC, and oxidation efficiency, operators could optimize chemical dosing, aeration, and filtration parameters in real time. Additionally, the integration of early warning systems helped prevent process failures and ensured that treated water met reuse quality standards​.
4. Reduction of Chemical Dependency & Environmental Impact:
   By leveraging biological denitrification as a primary treatment step, the system reduced the need for chemical dosing compared to conventional physico-chemical treatments. The optimized use of pH adjustment chemicals (NaOH) and external carbon sources ensured efficient performance with lower environmental impact and operational costs​.

Requirements and conditions

1. Complex Water Composition & Treatment Challenges:
   The industrial wastewater from peroxide and peracetic acid production contains high levels of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, and hydrogen peroxide. The organic fraction includes phthalic acids, other organic acids, alcohols, and aromatic compounds, while metals originate from stainless and carbon steel infrastructure. The high variability in water composition required a tailored treatment approach to ensure successful reuse​.
2. pH Adjustments & Chemical Pre-Treatment:
   Due to an initial low pH (2-3) in the wastewater, pH neutralization was required before biological treatment. This was achieved by dosing soda (NaOH) to reach a pH of 6.8, making the water suitable for further processing. This additional treatment step added chemical consumption costs and required careful monitoring to avoid overcorrection​.
3. Regulatory & Permitting Requirements:
   Although no new permits were required for the pilot, strict industrial and environmental regulations had to be followed to ensure that treated water met quality standards for reuse in cooling systems. Ensuring compliance with municipal discharge regulations was also necessary, as any effluent exceeding allowable limits could not be directed to the ARETUSA reclamation plant for further treatment​.
4. Integration with Existing Water Reuse Infrastructure:
   The pilot plant was designed to complement the existing ARETUSA Water Reclamation Plant, which has been treating municipal wastewater for reuse in Solvay’s industrial operations for over 15 years. However, the integration of new treatment steps, such as biological denitrification and advanced oxidation, required careful adaptation to ensure compatibility with ARETUSA’s existing processes​.
5. Operational & Energy Demands:
   The WAPEREUSE pilot system required high energy inputs, particularly for advanced oxidation (ozonation and UV-H₂O₂ processes) and membrane filtration. Additionally, biological treatment with denitrification required precise oxygen control to maintain optimal microbial activity. Reagent consumption included 1.2 L/m³ of external carbon, 1.7 L/m³ of soda, and 0.1 L/m³ of acid, with an estimated energy consumption of 100 kWh/m³ of treated water​.

Key lessons

• Value of Integrated Multi-Stage Treatment:
  A key lesson from the pilot was the necessity of combining biological, physical-chemical, and advanced oxidation processes to treat complex industrial wastewater. No single technology proved sufficient on its own; only the hybrid treatment train could consistently achieve reuse-quality effluent. This underlines the importance of modular design and process flexibility when dealing with high-variability industrial streams.
• Importance of Influent Characterization & Pre-Treatment:
  Influent variability in terms of pH, COD, and residual oxidants significantly impacted downstream treatment stability. Early pH neutralisation proved essential to protect biological and membrane systems. The pilot emphasized the need for detailed and continuous influent monitoring to adapt pre-treatment strategies dynamically and safeguard overall system performance.
• Digital Monitoring Enables Real-Time Control:
  Real-time sensing technologies like UV254 and fluorescence were critical for maintaining stable biological operation and optimizing chemical dosing. The pilot demonstrated that digital monitoring not only improves process control but also reduces energy and reagent usage over time. Investment in sensor integration early on can prevent operational bottlenecks and enable data-driven decision-making.
• Modularity Supports Scalability & Replicability:
  The containerised nature of the WAPEREUSE system allowed flexible deployment and quick transfer between the university site and the Solvay plant. This setup showed clear potential for replication in other industrial contexts, especially where space, permitting, or integration with existing infrastructure pose constraints.

Lessons learned from technology operation

Operator Training & Technical Competence:
The WAPEREUSE system required skilled personnel familiar with both biological and physico-chemical processes. Operating the SBR, managing chemical dosing, and interpreting real-time sensor data demanded a multidisciplinary understanding. Lessons learned highlight the importance of cross-training staff on integrated systems and ensuring familiarity with digital monitoring interfaces to avoid misinterpretation of surrogate parameters.

Maintenance Demands & Fouling Management:
Membrane systems (used for solid-liquid separation) were prone to fouling, especially during periods of inconsistent influent quality. Regular backwashing and chemical cleaning protocols were essential to maintain performance. The pilot revealed that establishing preventive maintenance schedules based on real-time pressure and flow data significantly reduced unscheduled downtimes and prolonged membrane lifespan.

Technological Risks & Downtime Avoidance:
Unstable influent pH and chemical carry-over posed risks to both biological activity and downstream components. Early-stage neutralisation and automated control helped mitigate these risks. The use of UV254 and DO sensors enabled early detection of performance deviations, allowing proactive intervention. One key lesson was that even short-term lapses in dosing accuracy or aeration control could destabilize biological processes, emphasizing the need for robust fail-safes and alarm systems.

Data-Driven Troubleshooting & System Resilience:
Real-time data acquisition proved invaluable for diagnosing process anomalies and fine-tuning operations. When sensor readings indicated organic overload or insufficient oxidation, quick adjustments to SBR cycle times or chemical inputs minimized disruption. The experience showed that system resilience improves significantly when operators can act on immediate performance feedback, reducing reliance on delayed lab analyses.